[ESP-ENG] Síncope Hipóxico de la Apnea en Inmersión (Blackout): Un accidente que se puede evitar
Es una triste realidad este accidente subacuático, que ha lacerado el alma de muchas familias cuando han perdido a sus seres queridos ahogados en el mar, piscinas, ríos y lagos, tras sufrir un Blackout.
Una emergencia que ocurre cuando se realiza un buceo en apnea y pesca submarina en solitario, o a nivel profesional, en actividades deportivas, científicas, etc.
Es un post extraído de un escrito que hice para los buzos en facebook, y que deseo compartir en #Hive. Donde resumo los aspectos fundamentales de esta patología, sobre todo la Prevención, con el fin, de que las personas tomen conciencia y minimizar el riesgo.
El Síncope Hipóxico de la de Apnea en inmersión, conocido popularmente como Blackout o Apagón (Shallow-water Blackout de los anglosajones) es también llamado el Síncope de los 7 metros o de las aguas bajas. Se puede definir como la brusca pérdida de la consciencia, que ocurre sobre todo durante el ascenso y próximo a la superficie, tras una inmersión prolongada en apnea (tanto en agua dulce como salada).
A nivel deportivo, es frecuente verlo, cuando el competidor saca la cabeza del agua y se desmaya, tras un tiempo prolongado de inmersión.
Incluso, puede ocurrir en la profundidad, cuando el pescador submarino está tras una presa, o al tratar de extraerla de una cueva o un arrecife coralino.
En esta situación, puede sumarse otra patología que agrava la patología inicial: el Síndrome de Hiperpresión Intratorácica (a presión negativa). En este cuadro, vemos al pescador que yace en el fondo, con su fusil en mano o cerca de este, con contenido sanguinolento en el interior de su máscara o sin esta puesta, y enrojecimiento en las escleróticas de los ojos por la gran congestión vascular.
Es común la práctica de aguantar la respiración fuera del agua, para registrar el tiempo en minutos que estamos sin respirar. No preocuparse por ello: la apnea fuera del agua, no produce Blackout. Sólo se produce en Inmersión.
Antes de la perdida de la consciencia, le precede una fase de hipoxia (disminución del oxígeno en sangre, células y tejidos), conocido entre los apneístas con el nombre de Samba: donde hay alteración del control neuromotor, con espasmos, movimientos involuntarios, visión borrosa, la persona no sabe lo que hace, se mueve de un modo desordenado, muestra reacciones defensivas ante el personal que lo asiste, etc.
¿Cómo podemos prevenir un Blackout?
- Nunca bucear o pescar en solitario. Es considerada una regla de oro en el buceo. Siempre alguna persona debe acompañarnos. Mejor, si está capacitada y en condiciones óptimas para socorrernos ante un accidente.
- Evitar las hiperventilaciones excesivas con vista a prolongar el tiempo de apnea. Estas producen una disminución de la concentración del dióxido de carbono en sangre con una inhibición relativa del centro respiratorio (es el gas que al aumentar su porciento, estimula a que se inicie la respiración).
- No realizar esfuerzos físicos durante el descenso, en el fondo y durante el ascenso. Ello consume gran cantidad de oxígeno a nivel muscular.
- No bucear si nos sentimos indispuestos, tanto desde el punto de vista físico como psicológico.
- No bucear en ayunas, ni acabados de comer. La hipoglicemia y la hipoxemia son un boleto seguro para sufrir un síncope. El proceso digestivo consume mucha energía y oxígeno.
- Tener sentido común, y nunca sobrestimar nuestras posibilidades. El buceo en apnea requiere entrenamiento, práctica y un gran equilibrio mental. Nunca debemos confiarnos sin respetar nuestros límites.
- Protección ante las temperaturas extremas, las que consumen oxígeno y afectan la integridad del sistema nervioso.
- Mantener una adecuada hidratación del cuerpo. En el mar perdemos cantidades apreciables de líquido por la sudoración y la orina. Hay que reponer el agua perdida, para evitar la deshidratación celular que produce fatiga, confusión, calambres, entre otros.
- Evita el estrés y la ansiedad: producen hiperventilaciones y respiraciones superficiales, y el aporte de oxígeno es menor.
- Reconocer de inmediato las señales que nos da el cuerpo y los signos y síntomas de una hipoxemia. No darnos cuenta de ello o el ignorarlos, hace que nuestro sistema nervioso central en un mecanismo de defensa, se apaga con un Blackout, para minimizar el consumo de oxígeno y evitar el daño neuronal y de órganos vitales.
- Evitar lastrarse en exceso y no dudar en desprenderse del cinturón de plomos ante situaciones de peligro.
¿Qué Actuación Inicial debemos hacer ante un Blackout?
Tratar de sacar a la persona del medio acuático, manteniendo la flotabilidad y la cabeza fuera del agua. Si un acompañante visualiza el síncope en plena inmersión, subirlo a superficie, tapándole las vías aéreas y con la cabeza en extensión.
Una vez en superficie, retirar todo lo que lleve en la cara. Acostar al lesionado en decúbito supino (boca arriba) y elevar sus piernas. Lo ideal es administrar oxígeno medicinal normobárico al 100 % a flujo continuo. Si no se dispone, insuflar aire por las vías aéreas hasta su recuperación o aplicar Soporte Vital Básico en el lugar del accidente.
El Pronóstico de esta patología estará condicionado a las condiciones en que se encuentre el individuo en el momento del síncope, ya que si se encuentra buceando sólo, sin nadie cercano que lo asista, suele ser fatal muriendo por una asfixia de sumersión. Si hay demora en asistir al accidentado puede haber complicaciones, pero si se socorre rápidamente suele ser Totalmente Reversible sin peligro para la Vida.
It is a sad reality this underwater accident, which has lacerated the soul of many families when they have lost their loved ones drowned in the sea, pools, rivers and lakes, after suffering a Blackout.
An emergency that occurs when freediving and spearfishing alone, or on a professional level, in sports, scientific activities, etc.
This is a post extracted from a writing I did for divers on facebook, and that I want to share in #Hive. Where I summarize the fundamental aspects of this pathology, especially Prevention, so that people become aware and minimize the risk.
The Hypoxic Syncope of Apnea in immersion, popularly known as Blackout or Blackout (Shallow-water Blackout of the Anglo-Saxons) is also called the Syncope of the 7 meters or low water. It can be defined as the sudden loss of consciousness, which occurs mainly during the ascent and close to the surface, after a prolonged free dive (both in fresh and salt water).
At the sporting level, it is often seen when the competitor takes his head out of the water and faints after a prolonged period of immersion.
It can even occur at depth, when the spearfisherman is after a prey, or when trying to extract it from a cave or a coral reef.
In this situation, another pathology may be added that aggravates the initial pathology: the Intrathoracic Hyperpressure Syndrome (at negative pressure). In this condition, we see the fisherman lying on the bottom, with his speargun in hand or close to it, with bloody contents inside his mask or without it on, and reddening of the sclerae of the eyes due to the great vascular congestion.
It is common practice to hold the breath out of the water, to record the time in minutes that we are without breathing. Do not worry about it: apnea out of the water does not produce blackout. It only occurs during immersion.
Before the loss of consciousness, it is preceded by a phase of hypoxia (decrease of oxygen in blood, cells and tissues), known among freedivers with the name of Samba: where there is alteration of neuromotor control, with spasms, involuntary movements, blurred vision, the person does not know what he is doing, moves in a disorderly manner, shows defensive reactions to the personnel who assist him, etc.
How can we prevent a Blackout?
- Never dive or fish alone. It is considered a golden rule in diving. Someone must always accompany us. It is better if he/she is qualified and in optimal conditions to help us in case of an accident.
- Avoid excessive hyperventilations in order to prolong the freediving time. These produce a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood with a relative inhibition of the respiratory center (it is the gas that, by increasing its percentage, stimulates breathing).
- Do not make physical efforts during the descent, at the bottom and during the ascent. This consumes a large amount of oxygen at the muscular level.
- Do not dive if you feel unwell, both physically and psychologically.
- Do not dive on an empty stomach, nor after having just eaten. Hypoglycemia and hypoxemia are a sure ticket to syncope. The digestive process consumes a lot of energy and oxygen.
- Have common sense, and never overestimate our possibilities. Freediving requires training, practice and great mental balance. We should never trust ourselves without respecting our limits.
- Protection against extreme temperatures, which consume oxygen and affect the integrity of the nervous system.
- Maintain adequate hydration of the body. In the sea we lose considerable amounts of liquid through sweating and urine. It is necessary to replenish the lost water to avoid cellular dehydration that causes fatigue, confusion, cramps, among others.
- Avoid stress and anxiety: they produce hyperventilations and shallow breathing, and oxygen supply is lower.
- Recognize immediately the signals given by the body and the signs and symptoms of hypoxemia. Not realizing or ignoring them, makes our central nervous system in a defense mechanism, turns off with a Blackout, to minimize oxygen consumption and avoid neuronal damage and vital organs.
- Avoid over-ballasted and do not hesitate to take off your weight belt in dangerous situations.
What initial action should we take in the event of a blackout?
Try to get the person out of the water, maintaining buoyancy and keeping the head out of the water. If a companion visualizes the syncope in the middle of the dive, bring the person to the surface, covering the airway and with the head in extension.
Once on the surface, remove everything on the face. Lay the injured person in the supine position (face up) and elevate his legs. Ideally, administer 100% normobaric medical oxygen at continuous flow. If not available, insufflate air through the airways until recovery or apply Basic Life Support at the scene of the accident.
The prognosis of this pathology will be conditioned to the conditions in which the individual is at the time of syncope, since if he is diving alone, with no one nearby to assist him, it is usually fatal, dying from submersion asphyxia. If there is a delay in assisting the casualty, there may be complications, but if the rescue is promptly provided, it is usually totally reversible without danger to life.
Gracias por leer/Thank you for reading
Bienvenidos sus comentarios/Welcome your comments
¡Saludos infinitos!/Infinite greetings!
Escrito de mi autoría, extraído de mi perfil de Facebook/Written by me, extracted from my Facebook profile
Foto de mi autoría, tomada en el Evento Internacional de Apnea “Primeros Juegos del Alba”, 1995/Photo of my authorship, taken at the International Freediving Event “Primeros Juegos del Alba”, 1995.
Dr. Andrés Antonio Brunet Mikuskiewicz
MSc. Medicina Hiperbárica y Subacuática
Master's Degree in Hyperbaric and Underwater Medicine
Hive: @abrunet
E.mail: [email protected]
Ver/See: Linkedin
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